The Basilica of St. John Lateran: The Oldest Major Basilica and the Cathedral of Rome

The Basilica of St. John Lateran holds an unparalleled place in the history of Christianity as the oldest of the four major basilicas in Rome and the cathedral church of the Pope. Known for its remarkable architecture and centuries-old relics, this basilica is more than just a historic landmark—it represents the unity and devotion of Catholics worldwide. The feast day of the Dedication of the Basilica of St. John Lateran is celebrated annually on November 9, honoring its place as the “Mother and Head of all Churches in Rome and in the World.”

A Gift from Emperor Constantine

In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine the Great gifted the land where the basilica now stands, known as the Lateran Mansion. This act marked a monumental shift, as it provided a dedicated Christian worship space at a time when Christianity was emerging from periods of persecution. The original structure, completed shortly afterward, was known as the Church of the Savior. It was later rededicated to St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, both of whom are commemorated in its name.

Unique Relics and Architectural Splendor

The basilica’s high altar is believed to contain a sacred relic—the wooden altar used by the Apostle Peter. Positioned above this altar is the ciborium, where the heads of Sts. Peter and Paul are said to be enshrined, connecting the faithful to the very origins of Christianity.

Architecturally, St. John Lateran is a masterpiece of Renaissance and Baroque styles. It has undergone numerous renovations, especially after devastating fires in the 10th and 14th centuries, with significant work by artists like Borromini in the 17th century. The basilica’s towering facade displays the title Omnium Urbis et Orbis Ecclesiarum Mater et Caput, which translates to “The Mother and the Head of all Churches of the City and of the World,” signifying its preeminence among all churches.

The Cathedral of the Pope and the Seat of the Diocese of Rome

As the Pope’s official cathedral, St. John Lateran is the seat of the Diocese of Rome, making it the official ecclesiastical residence of the Pope rather than St. Peter’s Basilica. This connection to the papacy reinforces the basilica’s role as a symbol of the Pope’s spiritual authority and as a center of unity for the global Church.

Throughout history, several ecumenical councils and important church synods have convened here, including five Lateran Councils. These gatherings underscore the basilica’s role in shaping the doctrines and practices of the Church.

Feast of the Dedication: November 9

The annual celebration of the Dedication of the Basilica of St. John Lateran on November 9 is observed universally by the Catholic Church as a reminder of the unity of the faithful with the Pope, who, as St. Ignatius of Antioch said, presides “over the whole assembly of charity.” This feast day extends beyond Rome, inviting Catholics worldwide to reflect on their connection to the Mother Church and their commitment to the Church’s mission.

The Holy Stairs and the Baptistery

Adjacent to the basilica is the Sancta Sanctorum, or “Holy of Holies,” a chapel considered one of the holiest sites in Christianity. It contains the Holy Stairs (Scala Sancta), believed to be the steps Jesus ascended in Pontius Pilate’s palace. Tradition says St. Helena, mother of Constantine, brought these stairs to Rome in the 4th century. Pilgrims have since climbed these stairs on their knees, meditating on Christ’s Passion.

The Lateran Baptistery, also built by Constantine, is the oldest baptistery in the world. Over the centuries, it became a model for baptisteries worldwide, showcasing an octagonal shape symbolizing new life in Christ.

A Continuing Symbol of Unity and Faith

As a place where tradition, history, and faith converge, the Basilica of St. John Lateran invites pilgrims and visitors to experience a profound connection to early Christianity. Its annual feast day, relics, and sacred spaces all serve as reminders of the Catholic Church’s roots, the unity with the Pope, and the call to faith shared by millions across the world.